Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer globally, with rising incidence rates, particularly in countries with predominantly fair-skinned populations. In the United Kingdom, skin cancer represents a significant public health issue, with thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Despite its prevalence, skin cancer is also one of the most preventable and, when caught early, among the most treatable forms of cancer. Understanding its causes, types, warning signs, and preventive strategies is essential for public awareness and effective control.
What Causes Skin Cancer?
Skin cancer arises when skin cells begin to grow uncontrollably due to damage to their DNA, often caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. While the body can usually repair damaged DNA, excessive or repeated exposure overwhelms this process, resulting in mutations that may lead to cancer. It most frequently occurs on areas of the skin most exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and hands, although it can develop anywhere on the body.
Types of Skin Cancer
There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and malignant melanoma. BCC and SCC are often grouped as non-melanoma skin cancers, while melanoma is more dangerous and accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form, typically slow-growing and less likely to spread. It often appears as a small, shiny bump or nodule, especially on sun-exposed areas like the head and neck. Although rarely life-threatening, BCC can be locally invasive and, if left untreated, can cause significant disfigurement. Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type, may present as a firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface. It is more likely than BCC to spread to other parts of the body, especially if not caught early.
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and can be deadly if not diagnosed and treated in its early stages. It develops from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. Melanomas can form in an existing mole or appear as a new dark spot on the skin. A common rule of thumb for recognising melanoma is the ABCDE criteria: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colour variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, and Evolving shape or colour. Because melanoma can spread quickly to internal organs, early detection is vital.
Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations
A variety of risk factors contribute to the likelihood of developing skin cancer. Chief among them is prolonged or intense exposure to UV radiation. People with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes are more susceptible due to lower melanin levels, which provide some natural protection from UV damage. A history of sunburns, particularly blistering burns in childhood, also increases risk. Other factors include a weakened immune system, a family history of skin cancer, the presence of numerous or atypical moles, and occupational exposure to certain chemicals.
Preventive Strategies
Prevention is a cornerstone of the fight against skin cancer. Public health campaigns consistently emphasise the importance of sun safety. Wearing sunscreen with a high SPF, seeking shade during peak sun hours, wearing protective clothing and hats, and avoiding tanning beds are all recommended measures. Regular self-examinations and annual skin checks by a healthcare provider are also critical, especially for individuals with high-risk profiles. Early detection dramatically improves outcomes and often allows for minimally invasive treatment.
Living with Skin Cancer
Living with skin cancer can be challenging, particularly for those diagnosed with melanoma or recurrent non-melanoma skin cancers. However, many patients go on to live healthy lives after treatment, especially if the cancer was caught early. Emotional and psychological support is vital, as a cancer diagnosis can impact body image and mental health. Support groups and counselling services can play an important role in the recovery process.
Skin cancer is a largely preventable yet potentially serious disease. Education, vigilance, and regular dermatological checkups can lead to early detection and successful treatment. As with many health conditions, awareness is a powerful tool.